Vertebral Compression Fractures: Minimally Invasive Repair Options

Understanding Vertebral Compression Fractures

Vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) occur when a spinal vertebra collapses or loses height. These fractures most commonly affect the thoracic (mid-back) and lumbar (lower back) spine and can cause significant pain, loss of mobility, and postural changes. While some compression fractures heal with time and conservative care, others require intervention to restore stability and relieve pain.

VCFs are especially common in older adults and individuals with weakened bones, but they can also result from trauma or underlying medical conditions.

Common Causes of Vertebral Compression Fractures

• Osteoporosis, the most common cause
• Spinal trauma, such as falls or motor vehicle accidents
• Cancer or metastatic disease weakening the vertebrae
• Long-term steroid use
• Advanced spinal degeneration

Even routine movements like bending, coughing, or lifting can trigger a fracture in individuals with fragile bones.

Symptoms to Watch For

• Sudden onset of back pain
• Pain that worsens with standing or walking
• Reduced spinal mobility
• Height loss over time
• Spinal deformity, such as a hunched or stooped posture

When Conservative Care Isn’t Enough

Initial treatment for VCFs often includes rest, bracing, pain medication, and physical therapy. However, when pain persists or significantly limits daily activities, minimally invasive repair options may be recommended.

Minimally Invasive Repair Options

Vertebroplasty

Vertebroplasty involves injecting medical-grade bone cement directly into the fractured vertebra. The cement hardens quickly, stabilizing the bone and often providing rapid pain relief.

• Short outpatient procedure
• Minimal recovery time
• Improved spinal stability

Vertebroplasty does not restore lost vertebral height but is effective for pain control in appropriate patients.

Kyphoplasty

Kyphoplasty is similar to vertebroplasty but includes an additional step. A small balloon is inserted into the fractured vertebra and gently inflated to create space and potentially restore height before cement is placed.

• Pain relief comparable to vertebroplasty
• Possible correction of spinal deformity
• Reduced risk of further collapse

Who Is a Candidate for Minimally Invasive Repair?

• Persistent pain from a confirmed compression fracture
• Pain not responding to conservative care
• Recent fractures identified on imaging
• Functional limitations due to spinal pain

Recovery and Expected Outcomes

Most patients experience significant pain relief within days of the procedure. Recovery typically involves same-day discharge, gradual return to activity, and minimal post-procedure restrictions.

Preventing Future Fractures

After treatment, addressing bone health is critical. Preventive strategies may include bone density evaluation, osteoporosis management, strength and balance exercises, and fall prevention strategies.

Final Thoughts

Vertebral compression fractures can be painful and life-altering, but minimally invasive repair options offer effective relief for many patients. With proper diagnosis and timely intervention, it’s possible to stabilize the spine, reduce pain, and regain function without extensive surgery.